Double Entry System

Double Entry System With Example

Every transaction has two effects. For example, if someone transacts a purchase of a PEPSI from a local store, he pays cash to the shopkeeper and in return, he gets a bottle of dink. This simple transaction has two effects from the perspective of both, the buyer as well as the seller. The buyer's cash balance would decrease by the amount of the cost of purchase while on the other hand he will acquire a bottle of PEPSI. Conversely, the seller will be one PEPSI short though his cash balance would increase by the price of the PEPSI.

Accounting attempts to record both effects of a transaction or event on the entity's financial statements. This is the application of double entry concept. Without applying double entry concept, accounting records would only reflect a partial view of the company's affairs. Imagine if an entity purchased a machine during a year, but the accounting records do not show whether the machine was purchased for cash or on credit. Perhaps the machine was bought in exchange of another machine. Such information can only be gained from accounting records if both effects of a transaction are accounted for.

Traditionally, the two effects of an accounting entry are known as Debit (Dr) and Credit (Cr). Accounting system is based on the principal that for every Debit entry, there will always be an equal Credit entry. This is known as the Duality Principal.

Debit entries are ones that account for the following effects:

1.   Increase in assets

2.   Increase in expense

3.   Decrease in liability

4.   Decrease in equity

5.   Decrease in income

6.   Credit entries are ones that account for the following effects:

7.   Decrease in assets

8.   Decrease in expense

9.   Increase in liability

10.                Increase in equity

11.                Increase in income

Double Entry is recorded in a manner that the Accounting Equation is always in balance.

Assets - Liabilities = Capital

Any increase in expense (Dr) will be offset by a decrease in assets (Cr) or increase in liability or equity (Cr) and vice-versa. Hence, the accounting equation will still be in equilibrium.

Examples of Double Entry

1. Purchase of machine by the cash

Debit	Machine	Increase in Asset
Credit	Cash	Decrease in Asset

2. Payment of the utility bills

Debit	Utility Expense	Increase in Expense
Credit	Cash	Decrease in Asset

3. Interest received on bank deposit account only

Debit	Cash	Increase in Asset
Credit	Finance Income	Increase in Income

4. Receipt of bank loan principal Amount

Debit	Cash	Increase in Asset
Credit	Bank Loan	Increase in Liability

5. Issue of ordinary shares for cash basis

Debit	Cash	Increase in Asset
Credit	Share Capital	Increase in Equity